{"id":49804,"date":"2021-08-03T20:57:18","date_gmt":"2021-08-03T18:57:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/topa.be\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/scb-facade\/scb-facade-history-book\/"},"modified":"2021-08-18T14:12:56","modified_gmt":"2021-08-18T12:12:56","slug":"geschiedenisboek","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/geschiedenisboek\/","title":{"rendered":"SCB Fa\u00e7ade &#8211; history book"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"49804\" class=\"elementor elementor-49804 elementor-38668\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64c8afd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64c8afd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd72577\" data-id=\"bd72577\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d8b9bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d8b9bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Antwerp jesuit church, a revelation.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a5ccc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a5ccc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e571fd\" data-id=\"5e571fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd327c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd327c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The fa\u00e7ade<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65f3abe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65f3abe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2cef1b0\" data-id=\"2cef1b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-583df62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"583df62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An open history book<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6551c62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6551c62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52b88ed\" data-id=\"52b88ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd6aca4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd6aca4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Do you not know the history of this church by heart? Let us organize an open book exam outside on the church square then. The fa\u00e7ade tells you broadly speaking the church\u2019s weal and woe with gilded dates, either in numbers or intellectually and playfully hidden in inscriptions or chronograms [Greek: time-writing]. The latter were extremely popular in the Baroque period, but hard to grasp by the common people. All Roman letters that also have a numerical value are written in capital letters:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>M<\/strong>\u00a01000 \u00b7\u00a0<strong>D<\/strong>\u00a0500 \u00b7\u00a0<strong>C<\/strong>\u00a0100 \u00b7\u00a0<strong>L<\/strong>\u00a050 \u00b7\u00a0<strong>X<\/strong>\u00a010 \u00b7\u00a0<strong>V<\/strong>\u00a05 \u00b7\u00a0<strong>I<\/strong>\u00a01<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The sum is a year. In the Latin alphabet the U was also written V.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73bf1de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73bf1de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><em>Let us decipher the history of this monument<\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fed81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48fed81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the crowning of the main porch we see the dedication of the church (1), which took place at the consecration of the church by Bishop Johannes Malderus on 12th September 1621. The text goes like this:<\/li><\/ul><table cellspacing=\"10\"><tbody><tr><td>ChrIsto Deo, VIrgInI DeIpar\u00e6,<br \/>b. IgnatIo LoIoLae<br \/>soCIetatIs aVthorI SenatUs<br \/>popULUsqUe antVerpIensIs<br \/>pUbLICo et prIVato aere<br \/>ponere VoLVIt<\/td><td><em>To the divine Christ, the God- bearing Virgin,<br \/><\/em><em>the beatified Ignatius of Loyola,<br \/><\/em><em>founder of the Society, the municipality<br \/><\/em><em>and the people of Antwerp<br \/><\/em><em>with public and private funds<br \/><\/em><em>have wanted to build [this].<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/SCB10-E.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-29079 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/SCB10-E-284x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/SCB10-E-284x300.png 284w, https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/SCB10-E-189x200.png 189w, https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/SCB10-E-768x811.png 768w, https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/SCB10-E.png 970w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\" \/><\/a>Due to an absent-minded restorer, however, an error has crept in. The first \u2018I\u2019 of aVIhori [sic.] must be a \u2018t\u2019: \u201caVthori\u201d (which is the corrupted, but current form of \u2018auctor\u2019: the founder, think of author).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Above the side windows of the second section this date is repeated, both in Latin \u2013 MDCXXI \u2013 (2) and in Arabic numerals \u2013 1621 (3).<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>We do not find any date on the brand-new fa\u00e7ade to remind us of the glorious festivities at the occasion of the canonization of the founder of the order Ignatius and the great missionary Francis Xavier in 1622. It was an incredible spectacle with thanksgiving masses full of music, processions and theatre performances. In an exuberant parade, which lasted four hours, the crafts and guilds strutted along with the richly costumed pupils of the college, before the float of Francis Xavier. Along the road shows were performed in lavishly decorated streets. Chiming bells (of other churches) and cannon salvoes intensified the emotions. In the evening there were theatrical fireworks, the fa\u00e7ade was lit with candles and there was a lightshow with large painted transparencies that were alternately shown from the two stair towers, as if using dissolves before the term existed!<\/li><li>The sumptuous decoration of the church, the lighting of all the church towers in town and of the Jesuit residences, everything had to contribute to the greater glory of God and His Jesuit saints.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">But throwing parties and building cost money. In 1625 the debts even exceeded half a million florins (1 florin = a day\u2019s wages of a master mason). Despite the favourable economic climate of the Twelve Years\u2019 Truce (1609-1621) the generosity of benefactors, fund raisings and municipality subsidies remained insufficient. Despite Father General\u2019s command to economize, Father Tirinus, who oversaw the construction, continued undisturbed: he added two side chapels to the church (1621-1625) and started extensions of the professed house. It is logical that he was replaced by Jan de Tollenaere. Thanks to suspending the statutes of the professed house temporarily, which was kept a secret for the general public, they succeeded in settling the gigantic debt in three years\u2019 time.<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>However, the Antwerp Jesuits were not spared misfortune. 18th July 1718 is a black page in the church\u2019s diary. A bolt of lightning destroyed the nave entirely. Many works of art, including 39 ceiling paintings by Rubens, went up the flames. In a poem of hundreds of verses Godefridus Bouvaert, former pupil of the Jesuits, cannot stop telling about this disastrous fire:<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>O! July, how sad to remember your eighteenth day,<br \/><\/em><em>For the eye, ear and heart it was too bitter a lash!<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After having been closed only\u00a0<em>1 year, 3 months and 19 days<\/em>, the church could again be consecrated on 6th November 1719. Thus was reported by the same author in his new poem, in which he paraphrased Apocalypse 21:4-5.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>He will wipe every tear from their eyes,<br \/><\/em><em>and there shall be no more death or bitter mourning,<br \/><\/em><em>nor sadness, or wailing or pain or shouting<br \/><\/em><em>the first things have once again passed by<br \/><\/em><em>And the one\u00b0 who sat on the throne has spoken: (\u00b0 God)<br \/><\/em><em>\u201cBehold I make all things new and none was broken.\u201d<\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The good news of this resurrection has also been made clear in an allegorical way on the tympanum of the main porch (4): the name of Mary rises from a tomb. Exactly like Mary was reawakened from her sleep into new (and eternal) life, this church, which was dedicated to her, arose from its ashes, as described in the accompanying chronogram: \u201cMarIae DICata eX CInere restItVor\u201d (1719).\u00a0 This is a sample of the symbolic-associative way of thinking that was extremely popular in de Jesuits\u2019 educational theory. On both doors together (5), you can also read the year of restoration \u2018anno 1719\u2019, but then you will need some patience to \u2018decipher\u2019 this playful Baroque calligraphy in mirror view.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After two more years of interior restoration, led by Jan Pieter I Van Baurscheit the church had completely risen from its ruins.<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>1773, the year of the abolition of the Jesuit order, is not to be found on the fa\u00e7ade \u2013 nobody likes showing his sorrows. For an increasing number of Catholic nations, the powerful order had become undesirable because of their dogmatic perseverance (contrary to the increasing Enlightenment), their widespread influence and social resistance in South America (as can be seen in the film\u00a0<em>The Mission<\/em>). They were expelled from Portugal, France and Spain. It is hard to understand, but under heavy political pressure pope Clemens XIV finally decided to abolish the order on 21st July 1773. The Society then had 39 provinces and 23,000 members. With the prospect of new revenues for the treasury the Austrian empress Maria Theresa had this papal decision executed immediately; the Jesuits\u2019 possessions were confiscated and most of them were sold off.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Austrian times, the college buildings provided accommodation for the Royal College and the Military Academy; from 1794 till 1927 it was a military hospital. The three country estates were sold to private individuals. The college buildings were well taken care of, but the destiny of the stately professed house was quite sad. Together with the sodality building it passed into private hands. All materials that could be sold were broken away, only the exterior fronts at the church square were preserved. The sodality building was used for the most varied of purposes: meeting hall of the revolutionary Jacobin Club (the\u00a0<em>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Amis des Droits de l\u2019Homme<\/em>), a music and theatre hall, a party and dance hall that was very popular in nightlife, a bazaar. In 1866 the Algemene Werkmansbond (one of the predecessors of the socialist movement) organized a meeting in favour of universal suffrage there. Finally, in 1879, the premises were bought to be the municipal library. This was a triumph for the anticlerical:\u00a0<em>\u201c<\/em><em>C\u2019est aujourd\u2019hui la chapelle silencieuse du Livre, propice \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude et aux m\u00e9ditations\u201d<\/em>\u00a0<em>[Today it is the silent chapel of books, suitable for studying and meditating.]\u00a0<\/em>The new main entrance received Baroque doors from the former chapel of the town hall. In 1883, while he was still alive, Hendrik Conscience (a very popular Flemish Romantic author) got a statue from the municipal government on the square that was named after him.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">All movables were stored in a depot and listed. The furnishings of the sodalities were also confiscated, despite their righteous protest they had an independent statute, separated from the order. It resulted in a large sale of church ornaments and linen, silver, altars, (500!) paintings, furniture, kitchenware. The manuscripts and a few books were transferred to the (later) Royal Library, the schoolbooks to the new state schools. The government did want the\u00a0<em>Acta Sanctorum<\/em>, the work of the Bollandists, to be continued.\u00a0 To this end some former Jesuits could have 8,000 books and 453 manuscripts from their predecessors at their disposal. Since the 19<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0century this Bollandist project, the oldest scientific institute in the country, has been continuing in the Coll\u00e8ge Saint-Michel residence in Brussels.<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>What happened to the church? The first plan was to re-open it as a church for the northern Our Lady\u2019s parish, but this was called off. In the meantime, Bishop J. Wellens got acquainted with an initiative of popular education in Milan, which had been founded by Archbishop Charles Borromeo (\u2020 1584). And so, he started a Foundation for Christian Teaching of Elderly People in Antwerp. Its patron was Saint Charles Borromeo and in 1779 its seat became the former Jesuit church. In its new function of catechesis hall for adults, the church itself also got Charles Borromeo as the new patron saint (saint\u2019s day on 4th November). The bishop of Antwerp asked the government to return a few paintings for the church, which had taken up its function again, but only some insignificant works came back.<\/li><\/ul><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>Under the Austrian reign the church was used as an infirmary for a short time, but under the French Revolutionary reign it got various uses, successively:<ul><li>1794: depot for confiscated churchly goods<\/li><li>1797: Temple of the Law for civil marriages and the worship of \u2018la D\u00e9esse de la Raison\u2019 (the Goddess of Reason). Where did the French Revolutionaries\u2019 idea of starting a worship for Divine Reason come from? They believed in God as the Supreme Being. But they saw Him only as the ingenious Reason that had brought about everything. For them the Love of God \u2018the Father\u2019, which the Christians are so rapt with, was only humbug. The French philosophers compared God to a watchmaker (\u2018Dieu le Horloger\u2019), who, once his product, creation, has been delivered, shows no more interest or wants to have no contact with his clients. To build up a relation with God through prayers was considered senseless wasting of time. Monasteries and convents for contemplative orders and churches for praying worshippers were completely needless for them. They confined themselves to a short ceremonial honour to Divine Reason.<\/li><li>1800: Tribunal criminel (Correctional court of justice)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>In 1801 the Antwerp diocese was abolished and the greater part of it was added to the archdiocese of Malines. After the 1802 Concordat between the Holy See and Napoleon the church was re-opened for Catholic service and even served as main church since Our Lady\u2019s Church could temporarily not be used. The catechesis lessons for adults were also started again. One year later, on 6th June 1803, it became the parish church of an independent parish and it kept its name, Saint Charles Borremeo. Willem Van Bomberghen became the first parish priest. The Latin chronogram on the base of the second section (at the north side) (6) alludes to this:<\/li><\/ul><table cellspacing=\"10\"><tbody><tr><td>SanCte CaroLe BorroMaee<br \/>tIbI<br \/>fIDeLes<\/td><td><em>Saint Charles Borromeo,<br \/><\/em><em>[dedicated] to you<br \/><\/em><em>by the faithful<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><ul style=\"text-align: justify;\"><li>In 1815 the church was used again as a military hospital for English soldiers, wounded at the Battle of Waterloo. For two months services took place in the big sacristy.<\/li><li>During the Dutch reign (1815-1830) the Calvinist King William wanted to transfer the church to the protestant Christians. Immediately the loyal Catholic parishioners started raising funds so that in 1817 the fabric committee succeeded in buying the church from the state for 14,000 guilders. But they had raised about the double of this amount so that the fa\u00e7ade, roof and tower could be repaired. The result is quite unique: the church committee is now the owner of the building.<\/li><li>Immediately after the Belgian independence in 1830 churchwarden J. Baesten ostentatiously resigned to show disapproval with the explicit Orangist sentiments of parish priest A. Van den Broeck.<\/li><li>In 1860 a private person donated a part of the former professed house to the parish: it has become the present presbytery.<\/li><li>On the base of the second section (south side) (7) reference is made to 1865, the year in which the restoration, which had started in 1849 under the lead of F. Berckmans, was finished:<\/li><\/ul><table><tbody><tr><td>sanCtI CaroLI<br \/>prIstInUs DeCor<br \/>reDDItUs<\/td><td><em>[In honour] of saint Charles<br \/><\/em><em>the former glory<br \/><\/em><em>has been repaired.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since 1939 the church has been listed in the heritage register, which has made the burden a lot lighter for the church committee<\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the 1960\u2019s the fa\u00e7ade had become so dilapidated that hoardings were placed to protect passers-by against falling stones. The last restoration of the front was done by architect Joseph-Louis Stynen in 1978-1980.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 2009 a disastrous fire was avoided that threatened to start because some spotlights for a television recording had overheated and insulants in the gallery floors had started to smoulder. Restoration of the interior has become urgent.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7af108 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f7af108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">The fa\u00e7ade<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e18fce elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8e18fce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/heb-je-me-gezien\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">1) Attention! Attention! Have you seen me?<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c55a9 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"51c55a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/algemeen-nut\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">2) Attention! Attention! A message for public advancement<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cf0cfe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2cf0cfe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e801632\" data-id=\"e801632\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3646d05 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3646d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/sodaliteitsgebouw\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">The sodality building<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-38aa8ff\" data-id=\"38aa8ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bc0347 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2bc0347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/toren\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">The tower<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-42b7b4e\" data-id=\"42b7b4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8674bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c8674bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sint-Carolus-Borromeus.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-29763\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sint-Carolus-Borromeus.jpg 1023w, https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sint-Carolus-Borromeus-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sint-Carolus-Borromeus-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/topa.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sint-Carolus-Borromeus-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ec70ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-nav_menu\" data-id=\"5ec70ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-nav_menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"menu-beschrijving-scb-engels-container\" aria-label=\"Menu\"><ul id=\"menu-beschrijving-scb-engels\" class=\"menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-59833\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59833\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/\">Saint Charles Borromeo\u2019s Church<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-61179\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-61179\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/\">History &#038; Description<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59834\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59834\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/inleiding\/\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59835\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59835\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/historische-context\/\">The historic context<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59836\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59836\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorplein-en-residentie\/\">Square and residence<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59837\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59837\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgeschiedenis\/\">Previous history<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59838\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59838\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/college\/\">The college<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59839\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59839\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/ruimtewerking\/\">Spatial effects<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59840\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59840\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/straatnamen\/\">Names of streets<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59841\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59841\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/professenhuis\/\">Profess house<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59842\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59842\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/sodaliteitsgebouw\/\">Sodality building<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59843\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-59843\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/\">Fa\u00e7ade<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-59844\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59844\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/heb-je-me-gezien\/\">Have you seen me?<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-59845\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59845\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/algemeen-nut\/\">A message for public advancement<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-59846\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59846\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/voorgevel\/geschiedenisboek\/\">History book<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59847\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59847\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/toren\/\">Tower<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59848\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59848\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/interieur\/\">Interior<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59849\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59849\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/hoofdaltaar\/\">High altar<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59850\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59850\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/preekstoel\/\">Pulpit<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59851\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59851\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/biechtstoelen\/\">Confessionals<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59852\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59852\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/plafondcycli\/\">Ceiling paintings<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59853\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59853\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/mariakapel\/\">Our Lady\u2019s chapel<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59854\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59854\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/sint-ignatiuskapel\/\">Saint Ignatius chapel<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59855\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59855\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/sint-franciscus-xaveriuskapel\/\">Chapel of Saint Francis Xavier<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59885\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59885\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/galerijen\/\">Galleries<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59886\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59886\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/orgel\/\">Organ<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59887\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59887\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/sacristie\/\">Sacristy<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59888\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59888\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/buitengaan\/\">When leaving<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59889\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59889\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/nawoord\/\">Epilogue<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-59890\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59890\"><a href=\"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/sint-carolus-borromeus\/beschrijving\/bibliografie\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Antwerp jesuit church, a revelation. The fa\u00e7ade An open history book Do you not know the history of this church by heart? Let us organize an open book exam outside on the church square then. The fa\u00e7ade tells you broadly speaking the church\u2019s weal and woe with gilded dates, either in numbers or intellectually [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"parent":49619,"menu_order":30,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49804","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49804"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49804\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53104,"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49804\/revisions\/53104"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/topa.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}